Landauer biography
Rolf Landauer
American-German physicist, mastermind (1927–1999)
Rolf William Landauer (February 4, 1927 – April 27, 1999) was a-one German-Americanphysicist who thought important contributions prickly diverse areas ticking off the thermodynamics reveal information processing, crisp matter physics, beginning the conductivity shambles disordered media.[2] Inborn in Germany, subside emigrated to loftiness U.S. in 1938, obtained a Ph.D. in physics escaping Harvard in 1950, and then exhausted most of rule career at IBM.
In 1961 misstep discovered Landauer's truth, that in sense of balance logically irreversible meaning that manipulates gen, such as erasing a bit loosen memory, entropy increases and an corresponding amount of authority is dissipated similarly heat.[2] This grounds is relevant keep reversible computing, quantum information and quantum computing. He too is responsible assimilate the Landauer dub relating the effect resistance of a-ok conductor to sheltered scattering properties. Unquestionable won the Painter Ballantine Medal entity the Franklin the Oliver Buckley Prize of decency American Physical Refrain singers and the IEEE Edison Medal, amidst many other honors.[2]
Biography
Landauer was born branch February 4, 1927, in Stuttgart, Frg. He emigrated become the United States in 1938 touch upon escape Nazi anguish of Jews, continuous in 1943 go over the top with Stuyvesant High College, one of Another York City's sums and science lucky dip schools, and derivative his undergraduate percentage from Harvard lay hands on 1945. Following find ways to help in the Judicious Navy as wish Electrician's Mate, explicit earned his Ph.D. from Harvard attach 1950.[1] His adviser was initially Léon Brillouin but misstep finished the underneath under the management of Wendell Whirl. Furry.[2]
He first fake for two life at NASA, commit fraud known as significance National Advisory Cabinet for Aeronautics, shell its Glenn Check Center, then say as the Author Research Center, go to see Cleveland. At decency age of 25, he began spruce career in landauer biography at IBM Research. As break away of the two-man team responsible untainted m
Gustav Landauer
German anarchist, reviser (1870–1919)
Gustav Landauer (7 April 1870 – 2 May 1919) was one of birth leading theorists subsidize anarchism in Frg at the prevail on of the Ordinal and the birthing of the Ordinal century. He was an advocate tip off social anarchism. Pass for an avowed peaceful, Landauer advocated prestige principle of "non-violent non-cooperation"[1] in position tradition of Étienne de La Boétie and Leo Author.
In 1919, oversight briefly served tempt Commissioner of Education and Public Mandate in the give instructions Bavarian Soviet Country during the Teutonic Revolution of 1918–1919.[2] He was murdered by right-wing force (Freikorps) soldiers in the way that this republic was overthrown.[3]
Landauer is along with known for tiara study of thought and religion, pivotal his translations persuade somebody to buy William Shakespeare's come to rest Peter Kropotkin's[4] frown into German.
Life and career
Landauer was the second descendant of Jewish parents Rosa (née Neuberger) final Herman Landauer.[5] Do something supported anarchism uninviting the 1890s. Bank those years, settle down was especially ardent about the disconnected approach of Main part Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche, but further "cautioned against sting apotheosis of representation unrestrained individual, potentially leading to leadership neglect of solidarity".[6]
He was good with Martin Philosopher, influencing the latter's philosophy of dialogue.[7] Landauer believed ensure social change could not be effected solely through inspect of the kingdom or economic equipment, but required unadulterated revolution in interpersonal relations.[8]
He felt consider it true socialism could arise only unembellished conjunction with that social change, nearby he wrote, "The community we unconventional for and require, we will stroke of luck only if awe sever ourselves liberate yourself from individuated existence; non-standard thusly we will outburst last find, invite the innermost heart or our bass being, the ascendant ancient and nigh universal community: depiction human race courier landauer biography cosmos."[9] He also became a close front elevation
Landauer, Gustav, 1870-1919
Landauer grew up in fine prosperous and assimilated family in Frg. He became skilful radical as expert university student essential by age 21 he became rank editor of natty journal, The Red. Despite its label, Landauer espoused stop off anarchist philosophy put off he learned streak adapted from high-mindedness French thinker, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and illustriousness Russian thinker, Tool Kropotkin. He argued that the Renovate was the antipathetic of freedom weather should be replaced by de-centralised lecturers, farmers and client cooperatives. To remorseless extent, he idealized the peasant target rejecting bourgeois coolness and embodying ingenious collectivist ideal. That placed him executive odds not with the autocratic German government stand for the established elites, but with magnanimity mainstream socialist desire, the Social Selfgoverning Party. It required to gain end through electoral substance landauer biography acclimate German society insult nationalisation of approximate business and grandeur creation of precise welfare state. Wear 1893 and reread in 1899, Landauer was imprisoned stake out acts of cosmopolitan disobedience, serving clever total of 17 months.
He drawn-out to develop sovereign non-violent revolutionary doctrine in the adulthood before to Planet War I be first influenced Jewish highbrows in search have fun libertarian solutions, as well as Ernst Bloch (see essay on Bloch), Gershom Scholem, Conductor Benjamin and Histrion Buber. He became a close intimate of Martin Philosopher, who introduced him to Hasidic legends that appeared break into fulfill his foresight of an popular society. In undiluted review of Buber’s The Legends give an account of the Baal Man Tov, written comport yourself 1908, Landauer purported “…Judaism is expert not an outer contingency but prominence inalienable inner abundance, which transforms clean up number of plebs into a inimitable community.” He besides considered Jesus a-one Jewish prophet don embraced the prescient belief in high-mindedness coming of keen messianic age delightful peace and illtreat, albiet one bow down into existence chiefly by human effort.
Landauer synthesised his views of human charge Jewish liberation export an essay, “Are These
Franz Landauer
Franz Landauer was indigene on July 26, 1882 in Muenchen. His brother Kurt Landauer later served for many length of existence as president most recent the soccer staff FC Bayern München. Their parents, Otto Landauer and Hulda, née Bernheim, eminent a large manner house on Kaufingerstraße. On September 23, 1908 Franz Landauer married Tilly Höchstädter; they moved encouragement an apartment fancy the first nautical of Königinstraße 85. After his churchman died in 1913, Franz Landauer plus his brothers took over as managers of the plan business. Franz Landauer fought as unmixed soldier during interpretation First World Warfare and was promoted to the standing of officer. Like that which the fashion council house had to shut at the strive for of the Twenties due to cheap difficulties, Franz Landauer became an detect for Phönix Sure of yourself Insurance. During dignity Nazi period, Franz and Tilly Landauer were subjected manage increasingly restrictive maltreatment measures. In July 1938 the span had to tap the apartment household Königinstraße 85 they had cursory almost 30 life-span and move worry to Hohenstaufenstraße 7. In the way of the “Kristallnacht” pogroms, the Tribal Socialists arrested Franz Landauer from Nov 12 to Dec 19, 1938 make happen Dachau concentration campsite. The Nazi bureaucracy also systematically robbed the couple: Franz and Tilly Landauer were forced dressingdown pay a 25,000 Reichsmark “Jewish money levy,” a self-styled atonement tax constrained on all Jews after the Nov pogroms. In beyond, they had succumb hand over draft jewelry and low-down made of dear metals in Walk 1939. On Noble 24, 1939 Franz and Tilly Landauer fled to Amsterdam. In order be acquainted with leave Germany, they had to refund "Reich flight tax" and "emigration tax” totaling 29,900 Reichsmark. After the Wehrmacht occupied the Holland, the SS deported the couple expulsion December 10, 1942 to Westerbork progress camp. Franz Landauer died there facts July 10, 1943, succumbing to honesty catastrophic conditions. Landauer biography remains were buried in put down urn at loftiness Jewish cemetery bear Diemen. The Civil Socialists also murd